The theme of death repeats on the krater’s neck, showing a beautiful woman, perhaps the goddess Aphrodite, in a scene of apotheosis for the youth that accompanies her in the four-horsed chariot. The identities of the figures gathered around the outside of the structure are unclear, but perhaps they are dead souls in the Underworld. Etruscan civilization endured until it was assimilated into Roman society.Īssimilation began in the late 4th century BC as a result of the Roman–Etruscan Wars it accelerated with the grant of Roman citizenship in 90 BC, and became complete in 27 BC, when the Etruscans' territory was incorporated into the newly established Roman Empire.Covered with figures and ornament, the centerpiece of this volute krater is the god Hermes–identified by his hat, caduceus and winged boots–who stands in a colonnaded structure before a seated woman, perhaps Persephone. This is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region. The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC. After conquering adjacent lands, its territory covered at its greatest extent, roughly what is now Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio, as well as what are now the Po Valley, Emilia-Romagna, south-eastern Lombardy, southern Veneto, and western Campania. The Etruscan civilization was developed by a people of Etruria in ancient Italy with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states.
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